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A 73-year-old male patient comes to the ER with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. What are three examples of drugs that can be used to treat this condition?

Explanation

Labetalol, nimodipine, and nicardipine can all be used.

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Name two drug interactions that can occur with labetalol, and explain their interactions

Explanation

  •  Albuterol. Albuterol is a beta-2 agonist, while labetalol is a beta blocker with antagonistic activity towards both the beta-1, beta-2 receptors. Therefore, labetalol can “cancel out” the effect of albuterol, leading to worsening outcomes for asthma patients
  • Metoprolol – metoprolol is a beta blocker just like labetalol. Beta blockers by nature cause bradycardia. Taking a drug that causes bradycardia in combination with another drug that causes bradycardia is dangerous.
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Some drugs can increase the risk of seizure due to their tendency to lower the threshold for seizure.

What are five examples of medications that can lower the seizure threshold?

Explanation

Bupropion, imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant), imipenem (a carbapenem), theophylline, and clozapine can all lower the seizure threshold.

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Why shouldn’t you abruptly discontinue antiepileptic drug treatment?

Explanation

Abruptly stopping antiepileptic drug treatment can lead to recurring seizures and treatment failures. This could potentially be life threatening.

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AB is a 70 year old male with a history of infective endocarditis. During his routine dental check-up, his dentist recommends that he gets a root canal procedure for one of his back molars. Upon checking his medical records before the procedure, the dentist notices that he is allergic to penicillin and has a swallowing disorder. Does the dentist have to provide AB with any prophylaxis treatment regimen prior to the root canal?

If so, what would be the appropriate regimen?

Explanation

Since AB has a history of endocarditis, the dentist will have to provide the patient with a prophylaxis antibiotic treatment regimen prior to performing the root canal.

IE patients are at highest risk during dental procedures because bacteria from the mouth can congregate in the blood stream during the procedure and transport to the heart valve, blood vessel or myocardial lining of the heart.

Since AB is allergic to penicillin and unable to take oral medications, the recommended antibiotic prophylaxis regimen should be Ceftriaxone or Cefazolin 1 gram IV/IM or Clindamycin 600 mg IV/IM.

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